Headline Nov. 21/ ''' EGYPTIAN UPHEAVALS ENSCONCED '''

''' EGYPTIAN UPHEAVALS 

ENSCONCED '''

THE WORLD STUDENTS SOCIETY has the honor to pay its respects to the students of Egypt and inform them that !WOW! belongs to-

Every single Egyptian student : ''One Share- Piece- Peace'' -just as it belongs to every single student in the entire world over. Welcome then, to the Global Spring. 

A BOUNCE BACK FROM A comeback, and these very great and brave students of Proud Pakistan   - for over 45 days-  brief and tutorial me on just about everything-

*The Arab Springs*, The Indian Students, the Afghan students, the Iranian students, the Chinese students,  the Bangladeshi students, the Myanmar students, the Russian students, and of course, the North Korean Students-   

The Global Elections,  the start-up on Online Microfinance Bank, the Ecosystem, management and global structures, Full of Surprises and and worth working hard for.

Thanks Heroes, thanks girls, and ever and every thank you, Zilli. ''Time enough to double our efforts''. For you all, let me give you some more insights into Trying again on climate : Global conference seeks tougher fight on warming with or without the U.S.

The Paris Agreement of 2015 was a key moment in the battle against climate change : 195 countries vowed, !WOW!ed to help limit the rise in global temperatures since the industrial revolution to  ''well below'' 2 degrees Celsius [3.6 degrees Fahrenheit].

But the Paris deal was just the start of  a long, arduous process. The world's nations are still struggling to translate their lofty promises into meaningful cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.

   

Much of the attention of these talks will be on Trump administration, which has vowed to withdraw the United States from the  Paris deal by 2020.

But Ancient Egyptian upheavals get sorted out and linked to faraway volcanoes. Research suggests  unrest increased when eruptions affected Nile flooding.

THE PTOLEMAIC KINGDOM  was a prosperous time in Egypt's ancient history, nearly three centuries from 305 B.C. to  30 B.C. that included the-

Reign of Queen Cleopatra VII and the construction of the Great Library and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

BUT there were also several bloody Egyptians revolts against the ruling Greeks during the period. 

Now, a team of  historians and climate scientists say in a study published recently that the unrest and uprisings may have been tied to volcanic eruptions that triggered climatic changes.

Eruptions across the globe may have suppressed monsoons, the scientists said, diminishing annual river floods and leading to food shortages. 

Because 70 percent of the world's population today similarly relies on monsoon-dependent agricultural systems, the findings may be a warning about what might happen in a volcanically active future.

Humanity lives today during a relatively quiet volcanic period. The largest eruption to affect the climate in recent memory was the 1991 Pinatubo event in Philippines, But things were much different during the Ptolemaic era.

''They might have been dealing with two or even three huge volcanic eruptions occurring in a given decade,'' said Francis Ludlow, a climate historian at  Trinity College Dublin and an author of the study, published in the journal Nature Communications.

''They were unfortunate. They were living in a period where Nile had extra variablilty because of these eruptions.''

When powerful volcanoes erupt, they spew ash and sulfur high into the stratosphere. 

There, the sulphur oxidizes onto sulphate aerosols the reflect sunlight back to space, reducing evaporation on the planet's surface.

As less water is absorbed into the clouds, less rain falls into seas and lakes. And of a volcano erupts in the Northern Hemisphere, especially at high latitudes, the cooling effect may affect the summertime heating that controls monsoon winds over Africa.

When rainfall is reduced and monsoons are suppressed, the Nile fails to flood as usual, starving the crops that depend on its water.

''We guess that there was a lot of fear when the Egyptians see the Nile not flooding that year.'' said Joseph Manning, a historian from Yale and co-author on the study. 

There was fear about what's going to happen. 'Are we going to starve like last time, when there was no food three years in a row?' ''

THAT fear could have fueled riots. But to establish a connection between volcanoes and revolts in ancient Egypt, the team first had to determine the dates for the volcanic eruptions.

They did that by looking at ice core data from Greenland and Antarctica, which contain trapped sulfur from the ancient volcanic eruptions. 

The scientist then turned to papyrus records to figure out when the Nile River failed to flood as usual.

But the records from the  Ptolemaic period were all qualitative, not quantitative, 

So the team turned to the Nilometer record, which, contains measurement taken by large instruments built during Egypt's early Islamic period to monitor the Nile River's annual flood level.  

The Honor and Serving of the latest Operational Research on History Upheavals and the Past continues.

With respectful dedication to the Leaders, Students, Professors and Teachers of the world. See Ya all on !WOW!  -the World Students Society and  Twitter- !E-WOW!  -the Ecosystem 2011:

''' Worth Rising For '''

Good Night and God Bless

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