Headline November 06, 2018/ '' ' STUDENTS SUPER *SLATES* ' ''

'' ' STUDENTS SUPER *SLATES* ' ''

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IN THE JOURNAL NATURE, Dr. Bohnert and Dr. Cynthia Kenyon, vice president for ageing research at Calico, reported the discovery of one way in which the germline stays young.

Right before an egg is fertilized, it is swept clean of  deformed proteins in a dramatic burst of  housecleaning.

The researchers discovered this process by studying a tiny worm called Caenorhabditis elegans.

Most C. elegans are hermaphrodites, producing both eggs and sperm. As the eggs mature, they travel down a tube at the end of which they encounter sperm.

Dr. Goudeau and Dr. Agualaniu discovered that a worm's eggs carry a surprisingly heavy burden of damaged proteins, even more than in the surrounding cells. But in eggs that were nearing the worm's  sperm, the researchers found far less damage.

Dr. Goudeau and Dr. Aguilaniu discovered that worm's eggs carry a surprisingly heavy burden of damaged proteins, even more than in the surrounding cells. But in eggs that were nearing the worm's sperm, the researchers found far less damage.

Dr. Goudeau and Dr. Aguilaniu then ran the same experiment with a twist. They mutated a gene in the worms, leaving the worms unable to make a sperm.

The eggs in these entirely ''female'' worms were filled with damaged proteins and did not get repaired.

Those experiments raised the possibility that the sperm were sending out a signal that somehow prompted the eggs to rid themselves of damaged proteins. In 2013, Dr. Kenyon and Dr. Bohnert set out to test that possibility. [They moved the research to top Calico in 2015].

Clumping proteins are involved in many diseases of old age, such as Alzheimer's. Dr. Kenyon and Dr. Bohnert set up an experiment using a special strain of worms in which clumping proteins glowed.

In hermaphrodite worms, they discovered, immature eggs were loaded with proteins clumps, while the ones close to sperm had none. The researchers then created mutant ''female'' worms and observed that their eggs all became littered with protein clumps.

When Dr. Bohnert let them mate with males, however, the clump disappeared from the eggs. ''In thirty minutes you typically see them cleared out,'' he said.

Dr. Bohnert and Dr. Kenyon then carried out additional studies, such as looking for other mutant worms that could not clear out protein clumps, even though they could make sperm. Combining these findings, the researchers worked out the chain of events by which eggs rejuvenate themselves.

It begins with a chemical signal released by the sperm, which triggers drastic changes in the egg. The protein clumps within the egg ''start to dance around,'' said Dr. Bohnert.

The clumps came into contact with little bubbles called lysosomes, which extend fingerlike projections that pull the clumps inside. The sperm signal causes the lysosomes to become acidic. That change switches on the enzymes inside the lysosomes, allowing them to swiftly shred the clumps.

''Once the oocyte hears the knock on the door, then it can just clean it all out and even use it as food, maybe,'' Dr. Kenyon said.

If her previous research is any guide, then we may very likely use the same strategy in human reproduction.

''The hypothesis is that it's not just a worm thing,'' Dr. Kenyon said.

That remains to be seen. In their new paper, Dr. Kenyon and Dr. Bohnert reported that they had tested this hypothesis on frogs, which are much more closely related to humans than is C. elegans.

The scientists exposed frog eggs to a hormone that given them a signal to mature. The lysosomes in the frog eggs became acidic, as they do in worms.

''I think it's a way to guarantee that you clean the slate - the slate for the next generation,'' Dr. Bohnert said.

With respectful dedication to the  Grandparents, Parents, Students, Professors and Teachers of the world.........
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