'LORDS OF RACISM?' : FANDOM MASTER ESSAY

LORDS OF RACISM : The diverse casting, which includes non-white actors playing an elf and a female dwarf in the latest adaptation of Lord of the Rings, has caused uproar in certain quarters of Tolkien fandom. It needs to be debunked.

ONCE IT AIRS - THE NEW AMAZON SERIES WILL be critiqued by academic and fans alike for many of its choices regarding plot, characterisation and setting.

But judging the casting based on skin colour and claiming Middle-earth as exclusively white is not just misguided, it clearly exposes what researchers Helen Young has called fantasy's ''habits of whiteness.''

J.R.R.Tolkien's much-loved fantasy The Lord of the Rings is a work of epic scale, portraying races of imaginary beings in the mediaevalesque setting Middle-earth, culminating in a battle of good against evil.

Peter Jackson's film adaptations in the early 2000s established the iconography and aesthetics that many fans grew up with and consider almost sacred.

Now Amazon's new adaptation of Tolkien's world is coming to our screens in September : The Lord of the Rings - The Rings of Power.

Recent reports and a newly released trailer have revealed more details about plotlines, ramping up the anticipation.

But it is the diverse casting, which includes non-white actors, playing an elf and a female dwarf, which has caused an uproar in certain quarters of Tokien fandom. Some fans argue that Tolkien never described elves, dwarves or hobbits as anything but white, and claim that the casting is disrespectful to his books. But the argument is flawed in two ways.

First, these are imaginary creatures, which are not always clearly described in the original books -Tolkien was more interest in metaphysical than biological questions. Still, there is some evidence of dark-skinned elves and hobbits in drafts of The Silmarillion and the prologue of The Lord of the Rings.

Second, even if Tolkien had specified that all elves, dwarves and hobbits were white, it still wouldn't matter. Adaptations are original cultural products that can imitate, question, rewrite or interpret source material in various ways.

Each adaptation is a new text. And each is an opportunity to update outdated unacceptable tropes, and find ways to represent and normalize non-white characters.

REINVENTING TOLKIEN FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

As adaptation theory scholar Linda Hutcheon has shown, adaptations offer ''the pleasure of repetition with variation.'' For example, in 2005, the Nigerian-British actor David Oyelowo was cast as Prometheus in the Greek tragedy Prometheus Bound.

This version of the play presented audiences with a black Prometheus in chains, bringing to mind images of slavery, adding a further layer complexity to the TItan who suffered for humanity. It will be interesting to see how Amazon will use these castings to interpret, critique or expand Tolkien's world.

But as disgruntled fans might reason, if Amazon must have a diverse cast in this drama, why not stick to having actors of colour playing the characters who are dark skinned in Tolkien's texts?

But that would perpetuate and reinforce the racialised view of good and evil in Middle-earth. Despite Tolkien's overall message of friendship and cooperation, and despite his raging the Nazis, the face of evil in Middle-earth is invariably non-white/non-Europeans.

Tolkien's portrayal of the Ocs [ legions of evil creatures ] and the men who ally themselves with Sauron [arch-villain of LOTR] uses many stereotypes associated with Orientalism and the language of prejudice often found in literature from the era of the British imperialism [Tolkien was born and grew up in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods].

Reproducing this white/non-white divide along moral lines would endorse a very old-fashioned and harmful equation of physical characteristics with moral choices.

'BUT TOLKIEN WOULD HAVE HATED IT'

Some believe Tolkien was writing ''a mythology for England'', and used myths and texts from Germanic cultures that had nothing to do with people of colour. However, Tolkien never actually referred to his own work in this way. This phrase was introduced by the biographer, Humphrey Carpenter.

In a 1951 letter to a potential editor, Milton Waldman, Tolkien stated that he had intended to dedicate his work to England but, in the same letter, also wrote that he wanted to leave space '' other minds and hands '' to contribute to his mythology.

But why would audiences these days think of England as white anyway? The country has become a vibrant melting pot, of which people of colour are very much a part. Why would a contemporary adaptation not reflect that?

In any case, the idea that people of colour were not part of Britain or Northern Europe in the ancient and mediaeval past is false.There is plenty of evidence of diversity in Roman Britain, for example. As for the Vikings, they were not a homogenous or ''pure'' racial group [especially due to trade and raids].

Any new adaptation of such a beloved fantasy world as Tolkien's is bound to disappoint some of the more ''purist'' fans, but adaptations are products of their times and a reenvisioning of the original material they are based on.

As a popular element of 21st century culture, fantasy's issues with race, racism and white privilege are subjects the genre has not yet fully addressed. Amazon's new series is a step in the right direction.

The World Students Society thanks author Dimitra Fimi, a senior lecturer in Fantasy and Children's Literature and co-director of the Centre for Fantasy and the Fantastic at the University of Glasgow.

The World Students Society thanks author Maraiana Rios Maldonado, a PhD candidate in Comparative Literature at the University of Glasgow. [Republished fromThe Conversation]